Industries

This geography chapter explains industries, the secondary activities that turn raw materials into more useful products, such as iron ore into steel or cotton into cloth. You will classify industries by raw material into agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based and forest-based; by size into small scale and large scale; and by ownership into private, public, joint and cooperative sector industries. You will learn the factors that decide where an industry is located, such as raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market, and see an industrial system as inputs, processes and outputs. You will study the major industrial regions of the world and of India, and learn from industrial disasters such as the Bhopal gas tragedy of December 1984. The chapter then compares three industries in detail: iron and steel at Jamshedpur and Pittsburgh, cotton textiles at Ahmedabad and Osaka, and information technology at Bengaluru and Silicon Valley, explaining why each city became an important centre.

Detailed Worksheet: Industries Section A - Definitions (10 marks) 1. What is an industry? Why is manufacturing called a secondary activity? (2 marks) 2. Distinguish between agro-based and mineral-based industries with one example each. (2 marks) 3. What are public sector and joint sector industries? Give one example of each. (2 marks) 4. What is a cooperative sector industry? Give one example. (2 marks) 5. What is an industrial region? Name two major industrial regions of India. (2 marks) Section B - Calculations and Applications (15 marks) 6. Classify the following by raw material: sugar mill, steel plant, fish processing unit, paper mill, cotton textile mill, cement factory. (3 marks) 7. A steel plant uses about 1.6 tonnes of iron ore, 0.8 tonnes of coking coal and 0.3 tonnes of limestone to make 1 tonne of steel. Find the quantities of each needed to make 5,000 tonnes of steel. Why are steel plants located near iron ore and coal fields? (3 marks) 8. A textile mill employs 1,500 workers. 60% work in spinning, 25% in weaving and the rest in dyeing and finishing. Find the number of workers in each section. (3 marks) 9. Classify these industries by ownership: Tata Steel, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Amul, Maruti Suzuki (a partnership of the state and a private company at its start), a family-run handloom unit. (3 marks) 10. The steel production of a country rose from 80 million tonnes to 120 million tonnes in 8 years. Find the percentage increase and the average yearly increase in million tonnes. (3 marks) Section C - Diagrams (10 marks) 11. Draw a flowchart of the iron and steel industry as a system, showing inputs (iron ore, coal, limestone, labour, capital), processes (smelting, refining) and output (steel). (4 marks) 12. On an outline map of India, mark the industrial regions of Mumbai-Pune, Hugli, Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu and Chhota Nagpur, and the cities Jamshedpur and Ahmedabad. (3 marks) 13. On an outline map of the world, mark Pittsburgh, Osaka and Silicon Valley, along with Jamshedpur, Ahmedabad and Bengaluru. (3 marks) Section D - Analysis and Higher-order Thinking (15 marks) 14. Explain why Jamshedpur became an important centre of the iron and steel industry. Compare its locational advantages with those of Pittsburgh. (5 marks) 15. Why did Ahmedabad and Osaka develop as cotton textile centres? Explain at least four common factors. (5 marks) 16. Describe the Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984. Suggest five measures to reduce the risk of industrial disasters. (5 marks) Instructions: Time allowed 2 hours. Attempt all sections. Use outline maps where asked and show working for all calculations.