Excretory Products and their Elimination quiz

Birds and reptiles are mainly:

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of:

The normal GFR in a healthy person is about:

Which part of the nephron is almost impermeable to water?

ADH is released from the:

Renin is secreted by the:

Which of these animals is ureotelic?

The vasa recta is well developed in:

Accumulation of crystallised salts within the kidney is called:

Why is ammonia excreted mainly by aquatic animals? (2 marks)

What is the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons? (2 marks)

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule? (2 marks)

What is the role of the collecting duct in concentrating urine? (2 marks)

How does angiotensin II increase blood pressure? (2 marks)

What is the role of ANF in regulating kidney function? (2 marks)

Explain the process of micturition. (2 marks)

What is haemodialysis? (2 marks)

Why does the urine of a diabetic person contain glucose? (2 marks)

How does the liver help in excretion? (2 marks)

A person's GFR falls to 60 mL per minute due to kidney disease. Calculate the filtrate formed per day and the percentage fall from 125 mL per minute. (3 marks)

A kidney is about 11 cm long, 6 cm wide and 3 cm thick. Treating it as a box, calculate the volume of the box in cubic cm. Why is the real kidney volume smaller than this? (3 marks)

If 180 litres of filtrate are formed daily and urine output is 1.8 litres, calculate the percentage reabsorbed. (3 marks)

A dialysis session removes 30 g of urea in 4 hours. Calculate the average removal rate per hour. (3 marks)

A camel concentrates its urine to 2,800 mOsmol per litre, whereas human urine can reach about 1,200 mOsmol per litre. Calculate the ratio and explain its advantage. (3 marks)

Read the passage and answer the questions. A patient's kidneys were not functioning properly. Urea accumulated in his blood. Doctors started treatment with an artificial kidney. Blood drawn from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding an anticoagulant like heparin. (i) What is the condition called? (ii) Why is heparin added? (iii) Why does the dialysing fluid have no nitrogenous wastes? (5 marks)

Read the passage and answer the questions. The Henle's loop and vasa recta play a significant role in producing concentrated urine. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle's loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a counter-current pattern. (i) Why is it called a counter-current mechanism? (ii) What is the role of NaCl and urea? (iii) Which part of the nephron is permeable to water but not to electrolytes? (5 marks)

Read the passage and answer the questions. The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus, JGA and to a certain extent, the heart. Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration. (i) What happens when there is excess loss of fluid? (ii) How does ADH help? (iii) What is the role of aldosterone? (5 marks)

Read the passage and answer the questions. Different animals excrete different nitrogenous wastes. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amounts of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum loss of water. Mammals and terrestrial amphibians excrete urea. (i) Why do birds excrete uric acid? (ii) Where is urea produced in mammals? (iii) Why do bony fishes excrete ammonia? (5 marks)

Read the passage and answer the questions. Other than the kidneys, lungs, liver and skin also help in the elimination of excretory wastes. Our lungs remove large amounts of carbon dioxide daily. The liver secretes bile containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs. Sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin can eliminate certain substances. (i) What substances are removed by the lungs? (ii) What do sebaceous glands remove? (iii) What is the main function of sweat? (5 marks)

Explain the modes of excretion in animals with examples. Describe the excretory structures of different invertebrates. (6 marks)

Describe the human excretory system with a labelled diagram. Explain the structure of a nephron. (6 marks)

Describe the process of urine formation, and the function of different parts of the tubule. (6 marks)

Explain the mechanism of concentration of urine with a diagram of the counter-current mechanism. (6 marks)

How is kidney function regulated? Explain the roles of ADH, the renin-angiotensin mechanism and ANF. Describe two disorders of the excretory system. (6 marks)