Development

What does development mean? Different people have different, and sometimes conflicting, developmental goals: a landless rural labourer may want more days of work and better wages, a prosperous farmer may want assured high prices for crops, and an urban girl may want the same freedom as her brother. In this chapter you will learn that besides higher income, people also seek equal treatment, freedom, security and respect, and that what is development for one person may be destructive for another, such as a dam that displaces tribal people. You will learn how countries are compared using average income or per capita income, the total income of a country divided by its total population, and why average income can hide inequalities. You will study other indicators of development such as the infant mortality rate, literacy rate and net attendance ratio, the importance of public facilities like healthcare, education and the Public Distribution System, and the Human Development Index published by the UNDP. Finally, you will learn about sustainability of development, using the overuse of groundwater and non-renewable resources as examples.

Detailed Worksheet: Development Section A - Definitions (10 marks) 1. What is meant by development? Why do different people have different notions of development? (2 marks) 2. Define per capita income. How is it calculated? (2 marks) 3. What is the infant mortality rate? What does a high infant mortality rate indicate? (2 marks) 4. Define literacy rate and net attendance ratio. (2 marks) 5. What is meant by sustainable development? Give one example of development that is not sustainable. (2 marks) Section B - Calculations and Applications (15 marks) 6. Country A has five citizens with monthly incomes of Rs 9,500, Rs 10,500, Rs 9,800, Rs 10,000 and Rs 10,200. Country B has five citizens with incomes of Rs 500, Rs 500, Rs 500, Rs 500 and Rs 48,000. Calculate the average income of each country. In which country would you prefer to live, and why? (3 marks) 7. The total income of a state is Rs 6,00,000 crore and its population is 3 crore. Calculate its per capita income. If its population grows by 10% and total income by 21% over five years, calculate the new per capita income and the percentage change. (3 marks) 8. Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight in kg divided by the square of height in metres) for two students: Ravi, 45 kg and 1.5 m tall, and Seema, 36 kg and 1.5 m tall. A BMI below 18.5 indicates undernourishment. Which student is undernourished? (3 marks) 9. In a village of 2,000 people aged 7 and above, 1,560 can read and write. Calculate the literacy rate. If the national target is 90%, how many more people need to become literate? (3 marks) 10. Study the illustrative data: State X has per capita income Rs 2,50,000 and infant mortality rate 30 per 1000 live births; State Y has per capita income Rs 1,80,000 and infant mortality rate 6. Which state has better health outcomes? What could explain the difference despite lower income? (3 marks) Section C - Diagrams (10 marks) 11. Draw a bar graph comparing the average income of Country A (Rs 10,000) and Country B (Rs 10,000), and another bar graph of the individual incomes in each country from Question 6. Explain what the graphs show. (4 marks) 12. Draw a flowchart showing the components of the Human Development Index: health (life expectancy at birth), education (mean and expected years of schooling) and standard of living (gross national income per capita). (3 marks) 13. Draw a mind map showing the developmental goals of four different groups: landless rural labourers, prosperous farmers, an urban unemployed youth and a girl from a rich urban family. (3 marks) Section D - Analysis and Higher-order Thinking (15 marks) 14. 'Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.' Explain this statement with examples of public facilities. Why are many services better provided collectively than individually? (5 marks) 15. Why do you think average income is an important but not the only criterion for development? Explain with examples, and discuss why the UNDP uses the Human Development Index to compare countries. (5 marks) 16. Groundwater is being overused in many parts of India, and crude oil reserves are limited. Explain why these are issues of sustainability. 'The Earth provides enough to satisfy everyone's need, but not enough for everybody's greed.' How is this statement by Gandhiji relevant to the discussion of development? (5 marks) Instructions: Time allowed 2 hours. Attempt all sections. Show all steps in calculations. Draw graphs and flowcharts neatly with titles and labels.