The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

In the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force that brought sweeping changes to the political and mental world of Europe. The result was the nation-state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires. This chapter begins with the French Revolution of 1789, which introduced ideas such as la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen), and with Napoleon's Civil Code of 1804. It then describes the conservative order set up by the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 under Duke Metternich. It also covers liberal and romantic ideas, the revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, the Greek war of independence, and the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. You will study how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany under Prussia, with Kaiser William I proclaimed Emperor at Versailles in 1871, how Mazzini, Count Cavour and Garibaldi united Italy, and how Britain became a nation-state through the Act of Union of 1707. The chapter explains how artists used allegories like Marianne and Germania to visualise the nation, and how nationalism in the Balkans became a source of tension that led to the First World War.

Detailed Worksheet: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Section A - Definitions (10 marks) 1. What is a nation-state? (2 marks) 2. What was the Civil Code of 1804? (2 marks) 3. What was the Zollverein? (2 marks) 4. What is an allegory? Name the female allegories of France and Germany. (2 marks) 5. What is meant by 'liberalism' in early nineteenth-century Europe? (2 marks) Section B - Calculations and Applications (15 marks) 6. The Frankfurt Parliament met on 18 May 1848 with 831 elected representatives. If about 500 of the members belonged to the educated middle classes (illustrative), calculate their percentage. Why did the parliament fail to unify Germany? (3 marks) 7. The Zollverein reduced the number of currencies in the German states from over thirty to two. Calculate the percentage reduction if the number fell from 30 to 2. Explain how this helped economic and national unity. (3 marks) 8. Arrange in chronological order and give the years: the Treaty of Vienna; the Greek war of independence begins; the Frankfurt Parliament meets; Italy is unified under Victor Emmanuel II; Germany is unified. (3 marks) 9. Calculate the number of years between: (i) the French Revolution and the Treaty of Vienna, (ii) the Act of Union between England and Scotland and the incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom, (iii) the proclamation of the German Empire and the start of the First World War. (3 marks) 10. Germany was unified after three wars over seven years, ending in 1871. In which year did the first war begin? Name the countries Prussia fought against. (3 marks) Section C - Diagrams (10 marks) 11. Draw an outline map of Europe showing the unification of Italy, marking the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. (4 marks) 12. Draw a timeline showing the major events in the unification of Germany. (3 marks) 13. Draw a labelled sketch of the allegory of Germania, showing the symbols and their meanings. (3 marks) Section D - Analysis and Higher-order Thinking (15 marks) 14. How did the French Revolution create a sense of collective identity among the French people? How did French armies spread nationalism to other countries? (5 marks) 15. 'The Balkan region became a big powder keg.' Explain why nationalism in the Balkans became a source of conflict and led to the First World War. (5 marks) 16. Compare the processes of unification in Germany and Italy. What was the role of conservatives and liberals in each? (5 marks) Instructions: Time allowed 2 hours. Attempt all sections. Use dates and examples carefully. Draw maps and timelines neatly with labels.