Which of the following is true about the Indian Constitution with respect to religion?
The Equal Remuneration Act was passed in:
The sex ratio is defined as the number of:
Which leader fought for the end of caste discrimination and drafted the Indian Constitution?
The proportion of seats reserved for women in panchayats and municipalities by the 1992 amendments is at least:
A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is called a:
Which of the following is not an example of communal politics?
Which of the following countries gives a special status to one religion in its constitution, unlike India?
Which of the following is not a cause of the weakening of caste hierarchy in India?
The 2023 law reserving one-third of seats for women applies to:
Mention two aspects of life in which women are discriminated against in India. (2 marks)
Why is the gender division of labour considered unjust? (2 marks)
What did Gandhiji mean when he said that religion can never be separated from politics? (2 marks)
State two ways in which caste still matters in India today. (2 marks)
How has urbanisation weakened the caste system? (2 marks)
Why is the participation of women in public life increasing? (2 marks)
What is the meaning of 'secularism'? (2 marks)
How does the Constitution of India try to ensure equality of all castes? (2 marks)
Why do political parties consider caste composition when choosing candidates? (2 marks)
Give two examples of healthy expression of religion in politics. (2 marks)
In a state assembly of 240 seats, 24 women were elected. Calculate the percentage of women members. If the women's reservation law is implemented, how many seats must be reserved for women? (3 marks)
In a village panchayat of 18 members, 9 are women because the state reserves 50% of seats. If the national minimum of one-third were followed instead, how many seats would be reserved? By how many seats does the state rule exceed the national minimum? (3 marks)
A study found that women earn on average Rs 280 per day for a job in which men earn Rs 350 per day. Calculate the wage gap in rupees and as a percentage of men's wages. Which law makes this illegal? (3 marks)
In a constituency of 2,00,000 voters, no single caste group has more than 20% of voters. What is the maximum number of voters in the largest caste group? Explain why a candidate cannot win by relying on one caste alone. (3 marks)
A school survey of 400 families found that 300 shared housework equally between men and women, 80 left most housework to women, and 20 left most housework to men. Calculate the percentages and comment on changing gender roles. (3 marks)
Read the passage and answer the questions. In India, women have a lower literacy rate than men, a smaller proportion of women are in highly paid jobs, and on average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, but much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued. In many parts of the country, parents prefer to have sons, which has led to a decline in the child sex ratio. (i) Give two examples of discrimination faced by women from the passage. (ii) Why is much of women's work not valued? (iii) What is meant by a decline in the child sex ratio and what causes it? (5 marks)
Read the passage and answer the questions. The makers of our Constitution chose the model of a secular state. There is no official religion for the Indian state. The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion, or not to follow any. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion and allows the state to intervene in matters of religion to ensure equality. (i) What is meant by 'no official religion'? (ii) Name two freedoms related to religion given by the Constitution. (iii) Why is secularism necessary for a diverse country like India? (5 marks)
Read the passage and answer the questions. Political parties in India often take into account the caste composition of a constituency while choosing candidates. When governments are formed, parties try to include representatives of different castes. However, no parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. (i) How do parties use caste in elections? (ii) Why can a party not win elections on the basis of one caste alone? (iii) How has politics helped Dalits and backward castes gain a voice? (5 marks)
Read the passage and answer the questions. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 reserved one-third of seats in local government bodies for women. Today, there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies. In 2023, Parliament passed a law to reserve one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women. (i) What is the purpose of reserving seats for women? (ii) How has reservation in local bodies changed women's participation? (iii) Why has the reservation of seats in Parliament taken a long time? (5 marks)
Read the passage and answer the questions. In a city, a political group distributed pamphlets claiming that one religious community was a threat to another and urged people to vote only for candidates of their own religion. Some leaders also used religious symbols in election rallies. The Election Commission issued notices to the group. (i) What form of communalism is described? (ii) Why is such politics harmful? (iii) Why did the Election Commission take action? (5 marks)
What is the gender division of labour? Explain how it affects women's lives and their participation in public life. Describe the various ways in which women face discrimination in India, and suggest measures to remove it. (6 marks)
Explain the meaning of communalism. Describe the forms of communalism in politics, and explain why communalism is dangerous for democracy. How does the secular nature of the Indian Constitution help fight communalism? (6 marks)
How has the caste system changed in modern India? Explain the role of social reformers, urbanisation, education and occupational mobility. Why does caste inequality still persist? Draw a flowchart of the factors that have weakened caste. (6 marks)
Explain the relationship between caste and politics in India. How does caste influence politics, and how does politics influence caste? Discuss whether caste-based politics is good or bad for democracy. (6 marks)
Draw a bar graph showing the percentage of women in the Lok Sabha in 2019 (about 14%) and 2024 (about 14%), and compare it with the one-third target. Explain the reasons for low representation of women in legislatures, and evaluate the significance of the women's reservation law passed in 2023. (6 marks)
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